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Religious Affiliation in the United States House of Representatives

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The religious affiliations of presidents of the United States can touch their electability, shape their stances on policy matters and their visions of guild and also how they desire to lead information technology. Speculation of Thomas Jefferson,[2] Abraham Lincoln,[3] [4] and William Howard Taft[5] being atheists was reported during ballot campaigns, while others, such as Jimmy Carter,[6] used faith equally a defining aspect of their campaigns and tenure to concord the function.

Nearly all of the presidents can be characterized equally Christian, at least past upbringing, though some were unaffiliated with any specific religious trunk. Mainline Protestants predominate, with Episcopalians and Presbyterians being the about prevalent. John F. Kennedy was the first Cosmic president and Joe Biden, the current i, is the 2d. There have been at least four nontrinitarian presidents. No president has openly identified as atheist.[seven]

Formal amalgamation [edit]

Most presidents have been formal members of a item church building or religious body, and a specific affiliation can be assigned to every president from James A. Garfield on. For many before presidents, however, formal church membership was forestalled until they left office; and in several cases a president never joined any church. Conversely, though every president from George Washington to John Quincy Adams can be definitely assigned membership in an Anglican or Unitarian body, the significance of these affiliations is frequently downplayed as unrepresentative of their true behavior.[ citation needed ]

The pattern of religious adherence has changed dramatically over the course of United States history, and so that the blueprint of presidential affiliations is quite unrepresentative of modern membership numbers. For instance, Episcopalians are extraordinarily well represented among the presidents compared to a current membership of nigh two% of the population; this is partly because the Church of England, from which the Episcopal Church is derived, was the established church building in some of the British Colonies (such as New York and Virginia) earlier the American Revolution. The Episcopal Church has been much larger previously, with its decline in membership occurring only in more than recent decades.[8] The first seven presidents listed equally Episcopalians were all from Virginia. Unitarians are as well overrepresented, reflecting the importance of those colonial churches. Conversely, Baptists are underrepresented, a reflection of their quite recent expansion in numbers; the listing includes only 2 Catholic presidents including the current president, although they are currently the largest unmarried denomination, and there have been no Adventist, Anabaptist, Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox, Pentecostal, or Latter Day Saint presidents.

While many presidents did not formally join a church building until quite late in life, there is a genre of tales of deathbed conversions. Biographers usually doubt these, though the baptism of James Thousand. Polk is well documented.[9]

Personal behavior [edit]

The inner beliefs of the presidents are much more difficult to establish than church membership. While some presidents have been relatively voluble virtually religion, many have been reticent to the point of complete obscurity. Researchers accept tried to draw conclusions from patterns of churchgoing or religious references in political speeches. When explicit statements are absent, it is difficult to assess whether the presidents in question were irreligious, were unorthodox in their beliefs, or only believed that religion was non a matter for public revelation.[ citation needed ]

On the other mitt, there are several presidents who considered themselves aligned with a particular church building, but who withheld from formal affiliation for a time. James Buchanan, for example, held himself allied with the Presbyterian church building, but refrained from joining it until he left role.[ten]

Some presidents changed their beliefs and affiliation at some signal in their lives; synthesis of statements and membership from different periods tin be misleading.[ citation needed ]

Deism and the Founding Fathers [edit]

Deism was a religious philosophy in common currency in colonial times, and some Founding Fathers (nearly notably Thomas Paine, who was an explicit proponent of it, and Benjamin Franklin, who spoke of it in his Autobiography) are identified more or less with this arrangement. Thomas Jefferson became a deist in later life, and Washington, James Madison, James Monroe, and John Tyler are often identified every bit having some degree of deistic beliefs.[eleven]

Unitarianism and Nontrinitarianism [edit]

Four presidents are affiliated with Unitarian churches, and a fifth (Jefferson) was an exponent of ideas now commonly associated with Unitarianism. Unitarians fall outside of Trinitarian Christianity, and the question arises as to the degree to which the presidents themselves held Christian precepts. The information is generally available in the statements of the presidents themselves; for example, John Quincy Adams left detailed statements of his behavior. William Howard Taft, a Unitarian, is noted to take said in a letter to a friend, "I am interested in the spread of Christian culture, just to go into a dogmatic discussion of creed I will not practise whether I am defeated or non. ... If the American electorate is so narrow as non to elect a Unitarian, well and good. I tin stand information technology."[12]

Ii presidents were Quakers (Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon) and information about their religion is harder to come by. Quakerism is, by its nature, not confining past doctrines, merely nevertheless it is hard to determine whether either Hoover or Nixon had much adherence even to Quaker exercise. For instance, information technology is common among Quakers to refuse to swear oaths; however, recordings show that Nixon did swear the adjuration of office in the conventional manner in all cases, and while the matter is clouded for Hoover, there is paper and circumstantial show that he did likewise.[ citation needed ] While Abraham Lincoln never officially joined a church, there has been some inquiry indicating that he may have had Quaker leanings. During his fourth dimension in office, he had numerous meetings with Quakers and had investigated a supposed Quaker ancestry.[13]

The only other president with whatsoever clan with a definitely non-Trinitarian torso is Dwight D. Eisenhower, whose parents moved from the River Brethren to the antecedents of the Jehovah'south Witnesses. Eisenhower himself was baptized in the Presbyterian church building shortly after assuming the presidency, the merely president thus far to undergo such a rite while in part; and his omnipresence at West Point was in precipitous opposition to the tenets of the groups to which his parents belonged.[14] [15]

Nonreligious presidents [edit]

There are some presidents for whom at that place is piffling evidence as to the importance of religion in their lives. For example, nigh no evidence exists for Monroe'due south personal religious beliefs, though this may be the result of the destruction of most of his personal correspondence, in which religious sentiments may accept been recorded. As with claims of deism, these identifications are not without controversy. No president has declared himself to exist atheist.[vii]

Civic religion [edit]

St. John'southward Episcopal Church (built 1815–1816) just across Lafayette Square and northward of the White House, is the church nearest to the White House, and its services have been attended at least once by nigh every president since James Madison (1809–1817).[16] Another Episcopal church building, Washington National Cathedral, chartered by Congress in 1893, has hosted many funeral and memorial services of presidents and other dignitaries, as well as the site of interfaith presidential prayer services after their inaugurations, and the burial place of Woodrow Wilson.[17]

Presidential proclamations, from the primeval days, have often been laden with religious if not explicitly Christian language. In at least two cases, presidents saw fit to issue denials that they were atheists. At the aforementioned time, this was tempered, especially in early years, by a potent commitment to disestablishment. Several presidents especially stand out every bit exponents of this. Consideration of this has become increasingly contentious equally topics such as civil rights and human sexuality have increasingly put churches at odds with each other and with the government.

List of presidents by religious amalgamation [edit]

# Name Religion Co-operative Further branch Specific denomination Years in office Notes
29 Warren G. Harding Christian Protestant Baptist Northern Baptist 1921–1923
33 Harry S. Truman Christian Protestant Baptist Northern Baptist 1945–1953
39 Jimmy Carter Christian Protestant Baptist Southern Baptist Convention, New Baptist Covenant 1977–1981
42 Bill Clinton Christian Protestant Baptist Southern Baptist 1993–2001 Later left the Southern Baptist Convention
thirty Calvin Coolidge Christian Protestant Reformed Congregationalist 1923–1929
twenty James A. Garfield Christian Protestant Restorationist Churches of Christ 1881–1881 Formerly a member of the Disciples of Christ earlier information technology split into the Disciples of Christ and the Churches of Christ
36 Lyndon B. Johnson Christian Protestant Restorationist Disciples of Christ 1963–1969
8 Martin Van Buren Christian Protestant Reformed Reformed Church in America 1837–1841
26 Theodore Roosevelt Christian Protestant Reformed Reformed Church in America 1901–1909
vii Andrew Jackson Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian Church in the U.s. of America 1829–1837
15 James Buchanan Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian Church in the U.s.a. of America 1857–1861
22+24 Grover Cleveland Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United states 1885–1889; 1893–1897
23 Benjamin Harrison Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian Church in the U.s. 1889–1893 Ruling elder of First Presbyterian Church in Indianapolis
28 Woodrow Wilson Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United states of america of America 1913–1921 Became a ruling elder of 2nd Presbyterian Church in Princeton, New Bailiwick of jersey in 1897
34 Dwight D. Eisenhower Christian Protestant Reformed United Presbyterian Church in the United states 1953–1961
40 Ronald Reagan Christian Protestant Reformed Presbyterian Church (USA) 1981–1989 Baptized into the Disciples of Christ but disaffiliated and became a member of Bel Air Presbyterian Church in his later years
ane George Washington Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1789–1797 Baptized into the Church building of England. It was reorganized as the Episcopal Church afterwards the American Revolution. A Masonic lodge was established in Fredericksburg in September 1752, and Washington was initiated ii months later at the historic period of 20 as one of its first Entered Apprentices. Within a year, he progressed through its ranks to become a Chief Mason.[18]
4 James Madison Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1809–1817 Although baptized as an Anglican and educated by Presbyterian clergymen,[19] immature Madison was an avid reader of English language deist tracts.[twenty] Every bit an adult, Madison paid footling attending to religious matters. Though most historians have constitute little indication of his religious leanings after he left college,[21] some scholars signal he leaned toward deism.[22] [23]
5 James Monroe Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1817–1825
nine William Henry Harrison Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1841–1841
10 John Tyler Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1841–1845
12 Zachary Taylor Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1849–1850
xiv Franklin Pierce Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1853–1857
21 Chester A. Arthur Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1881–1885
32 Franklin D. Roosevelt Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1933–1945
38 Gerald R. Ford Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1974–1977
41 George H. W. Bush Christian Protestant Anglican Episcopalian 1989–1993
11 James Yard. Polk Christian Protestant Methodist Methodist 1845–1849 Never baptized until on his deathbed. Formerly more than or less affiliated with Presbyterian churches. He eventually received a deathbed Methodist baptism by Methodist preacher John Berry McFerrin.[24]
18 Ulysses S. Grant Christian[25] Protestant Methodist[25] Methodist 1869–1877
25 William McKinley Christian Protestant Methodist Methodist Episcopal Church 1897–1901 Member of Outset Methodist Episcopal Church in County, Ohio
43 George Westward. Bush Christian Protestant Methodist United Methodist 2001–2009 Former Episcopalian. Bush-league left his family'south Episcopal church building to join his wife's United Methodist church.[26]
31 Herbert Hoover Christian Protestant Quaker Due north/A[27] 1929–1933
37 Richard M. Nixon Christian Protestant Quaker N/A[27] 1969–1974 Raised in an Evangelical Friends affiliated church building.[28]
2 John Adams Christian Nontrinitarian Unitarian N/A 1797–1801 Former Congregationalist. He afterward became a Unitarian, and dropped belief in predestination, eternal damnation, the divinity of Christ, and almost other Calvinist beliefs of his Puritan ancestors.
6 John Quincy Adams Christian Nontrinitarian Unitarian N/A 1825–1829
thirteen Millard Fillmore Christian Nontrinitarian Unitarian N/A 1850–1853
27 William Howard Taft Christian Nontrinitarian Unitarian N/A 1909–1913
nineteen Rutherford B. Hayes Christian[29] Protestant Unspecified Protestant[29] Presbyterian and Methodist churches 1877–1881
44 Barack Obama Christian Protestant Unspecified Protestant[xxx] Various, including Episcopalian, Baptist and Methodist churches 2009–2017 Former United Church of Christ fellow member.[30] He left it equally a presidential candidate during the Jeremiah Wright controversy in 2008.
45 Donald Trump Christian Protestant Unspecified Protestant[31] Largely Presbyterian 2017–2021 Was married to his wife Melania in the Episcopal church of Bethesda-past-the-Sea in Palm Embankment, Florida. Their son Barron was baptized there.[32] [33] [34]
35 John F. Kennedy Christian Catholic Roman Catholic Latin Church 1961–1963 Kennedy was the get-go Catholic president.
46 Joe Biden Christian Cosmic Roman Catholic Latin Church 2021–present Biden is the second Catholic president.
17 Andrew Johnson Christian Northward/A Northward/A N/A 1865–1869 Johnson cocky-identified as a Christian, merely he is not known to accept been a member or have any formal amalgamation with whatever church. He sometimes attended Methodist services with his married woman, and he also attended Catholic services.[35] [36]
16 Abraham Lincoln None specified 1861–1865
  • Abraham Lincoln was raised in a Reformed Baptist family.[37] [38]
  • Scholars and various sources have contradicting opinions as to whether or non Lincoln was a Christian.
  • Although Lincoln never made an unambiguous public profession of Christian belief, several people who knew him personally, such as Chaplain of the Senate Phineas Gurley and his wife Mary Todd Lincoln, claimed that he believed in Christ in the religious sense.[39] [xl] [41]
  • However, close friends who knew Lincoln for years, such equally Ward Hill Lamon and William Herndon, rejected the idea that he was a believing Christian.[42]
three Thomas Jefferson Irreligious Deist N/A Due north/A 1801–1809 Although raised as an Anglican, Jefferson later in life rejected the idea of the divinity of Jesus and became a deist.[43] [44] Jefferson compiled Jesus' biblical teachings, omitting miraculous or supernatural references. He titled the work The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth, known today as the Jefferson Bible.[45]

List of presidents with details on their religious affiliation [edit]

For each president, the formal affiliation at the time of his presidency is listed offset, with other affiliations listed after. Further explanation follows if needed, also equally notable detail.

  1. George Washington – Episcopalian and Deist[46]
  2. John Adams – Unitarian[47]
    • The Adamses were originally members of the state-supported Congregational churches in New England.[48] By 1800, most Congregationalist churches in Boston had Unitarian preachers instruction the strict unity of God, the subordinate nature of Christ, and salvation by grapheme.[49] [fifty] [51] Adams himself preferred Unitarian preachers, just he was opposed to Joseph Priestley's sympathies with the French Revolution, and would attend other churches if the only nearby Congregational/Unitarian one was composed of followers of Priestley.[52]
    • Adams described himself as a "church going animal" in a letter of the alphabet to Benjamin Rush.[53] [48]
  3. Thomas Jefferson – None specified, likely Deist[54] [55]
    • Jefferson was raised Anglican and served every bit a vestryman prior to the American Revolution,[56] simply as an adult he did not hold to the tenets of this church.[54]
    • Modern Unitarians consider Jefferson's views to be very close to theirs. The Famous UUs website[57] says:

    Like many others of his time (he died just one year later the founding of institutional Unitarianism in America), Jefferson was a Unitarian in theology, though not in church building membership. He never joined a Unitarian congregation: there were none virtually his dwelling in Virginia during his lifetime. He regularly attended Joseph Priestley'due south Pennsylvania church when he was nearby, and said that Priestley's theology was his own, and at that place is no doubt Priestley should exist identified every bit Unitarian. Jefferson remained a member of the Episcopal congregation near his home, merely removed himself from those available to become godparents, because he was non sufficiently in agreement with the Trinitarian theology. His work, the Jefferson Bible, was Unitarian in theology ...

    • In a alphabetic character to Benjamin Rush prefacing his "Syllabus of an Estimate of the Merit of the Doctrines of Jesus", Jefferson wrote:

    In some of the delightful conversations with you, in the evenings of 1798–99, and which served every bit an anodyne to the afflictions of the crisis through which our country was then laboring, the Christian religion was sometimes our topic; and I so promised you, that one day or other, I would give y'all my views of information technology. They are the result of a life of inquiry & reflection, and very different from that anti-Christian system imputed to me past those who know naught of my opinions. To the corruptions of Christianity I am indeed opposed; simply not to the genuine precepts of Jesus himself. I am a Christian, in the only sense he wished whatever one to exist; sincerely attached to his doctrines, in preference to all others; ascribing to himself every human excellence; & assertive he never claimed whatever other.[58]

    • In a letter to John Adams dated August 22, 1813, Jefferson named Joseph Priestley and Conyers Middleton equally the inspirations for his religious beliefs, writing that:

    Y'all are correct in supposing, in one of yours, that I had non read much of Priestley's Predestination, his No-soul organization, or his controversy with Horsley. only I accept read his Corruptions of Christianity, & Early opinions of Jesus, over and once again; and I remainder on them, and on Middleton'southward writings, specially his letters from Rome, and to Waterland, as the ground of my own faith. these writings have never been answered, nor tin be answered, by quoting historical proofs, every bit they have done. for these facts therefore I cling to their learning, and then much superior to my ain.[59]

  4. James Madison – Episcopalian and Deist[60]
    • Although Madison tried to keep a low profile in regards to religion, he seemed to hold religious opinions, like many of his contemporaries, that were closer to deism or Unitarianism in theology than conventional Christianity. He was raised in the Church building of England and attended Episcopal services, despite his personal disputes with the theology.[61]
  5. James Monroe – Episcopalian
    • Monroe was raised in a family that belonged to the Church of England when it was the land church in Virginia, and every bit an adult attended Episcopal churches.[62]
    • "When it comes to Monroe's ... thoughts on religion", Elation Isely comments in his The Presidents: Men of Faith, "less is known than that of whatever other President." Monroe burned much of his correspondence with his wife, and no letters survive in which he discusses his religious beliefs; nor did his friends, family or assembly write about his behavior. Letters that exercise survive, such as ones written on the occasion of the death of his son, incorporate no give-and-take of religion.[62]
    • Some authors conclude that Monroe's writings testify evidence of "deistic tendencies".[62]
  6. John Quincy Adams – Unitarian[63]
    • Adams'southward religious views shifted over the form of his life. In college and early adulthood he preferred trinitarian theology, and from 1818 to 1848 he served as vice president of the American Bible Society.[64] However, as he grew older his views became more than typically Unitarian, though he rejected some of the views of Joseph Priestley and the Transcendentalists.[64]
    • He was a founding member of the Commencement Unitarian Church of Washington (D.C.).[64] However he regularly attended Presbyterian and Episcopal services as well.[64]
    • Towards the stop of his life, he wrote, "I reverence God equally my creator. As creator of the world. I reverence him with holy fear. I venerate Jesus Christ as my redeemer; and, as far as I can empathise, the redeemer of the world. But this belief is dark and dubious."[64]
  7. Andrew Jackson – Presbyterian[65]
    • He became a member of the Presbyterian Church about a year after leaving the presidency.[66]
  8. Martin Van Buren – Dutch Reformed[67]
    • Van Buren is reported to have attended the Dutch Reformed church in his home town of Kinderhook, New York,[68] and while in Washington, services at St. John's Lafayette Square.[69]
    • His funeral was held at the Reformed Dutch Church in Kinderhook with burial in a family plot at the nearby church cemetery.[70]
  9. William Henry Harrison – Episcopalian[71]
    • Harrison was a vestryman of Christ Episcopal Church in Cincinnati, Ohio after resigning his armed services commission in 1814.[72]
  10. John Tyler – Episcopalian[73]
    • Although affiliated with the Episcopal church, he did not take "a denominational arroyo to God."[74] Tyler was a strong supporter of religious tolerance and separation of church building and state.
  11. James K. Polk – Methodist[75]
    • Polk came from a Presbyterian upbringing simply was not baptized every bit a child, due to a dispute with the local Presbyterian minister in rural Northward Carolina. Polk's father and grandfather were Deists, and the minister refused to baptize James unless his male parent affirmed Christianity, which he would not do.[76] [77] Polk had a conversion experience at a Methodist camp meeting when he was thirty-eight, and thereafter considered himself Methodist. However, he continued to nourish Presbyterian services with his wife, though he went to the local Methodist chapel when she was ill or out of town. On his deathbed, he summoned the Rev. John B. McFerrin, who had converted him years before, to baptize him.[75]
  12. Zachary Taylor – Episcopalian[78]
    • Although raised an Episcopalian and married to a devout Episcopalian, he never became a full communicant member in the church.[78]
  13. Millard Fillmore – Unitarian[79]
  14. Franklin Pierce – Episcopalian[36]
  15. James Buchanan – Presbyterian[80]
    • Buchanan, raised a Presbyterian, attended and supported various churches throughout his life. He joined the Presbyterian Church afterward leaving the presidency.[81]
  16. Abraham Lincoln – None specified[82]
    • Life before the presidency
      • Some believe that for much of his life, Lincoln was a Deist.[83]
      • Rev. Dr. Phineas D. Gurley, pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian church building in Washington D.C., which Lincoln attended with his married woman when he attended any church, never claimed a conversion. According to D. James Kennedy in his booklet, "What They Believed: The Faith of Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln", "Dr. Gurley said that Lincoln had wanted to brand a public profession of his organized religion on Easter Dominicus morning time. But then came Ford'south Theater." (p. 59, Published by Coral Ridge Ministries, 2003) Though this is possible, we have no mode of verifying the truth of the report. The master evidence confronting information technology is that Dr. Gurley, so far every bit nosotros know, never mentioned information technology publicly. The determination to join, if authentic, would take been extremely newsworthy. It would have been reasonable for Dr. Gurley to have mentioned information technology at the funeral in the White Business firm, in which he delivered the sermon which has been preserved.[84] The only evidence nosotros have is an affidavit signed more lx years later by Mrs. Sidney I. Lauck, then a very old woman. In her affirmation signed nether oath in Essex County, New Jersey, Feb 15, 1928, she said, "After Mr. Lincoln's death, Dr. Gurley told me that Mr. Lincoln had made all the necessary arrangements with him and the Session of the New York Artery Presbyterian Church to be received into the membership of the said church, by confession of his faith in Christ, on the Easter Lord's day following the Friday night when Mr. Lincoln was assassinated." Mrs. Lauck was, she said, near xxx years of age at the fourth dimension of the bump-off.
      • John Remsburg, president of the American Secular Union, argued against claims of Lincoln's conversion in his book 6 Historic Americans (1906). He cites several of Lincoln'southward shut associates:
        • The human who stood nearest to President Lincoln at Washington – nearer than any chaplain or newspaper correspondent – was his individual secretarial assistant, Col. John 1000. Nicolay. In a letter dated May 27, 1865, Colonel Nicolay says: "Mr. Lincoln did non, to my cognition, in whatsoever way modify his religious ideas, opinions, or behavior from the time he left Springfield to the day of his expiry."
        • After his assassination Mrs. Lincoln said: "Mr. Lincoln had no hope and no organized religion in the usual acceptance of these words." His lifelong friend and executor, Estimate David Davis, affirmed the same: "He had no faith in the Christian sense of the term." His biographer, Colonel Lamon, intimately acquainted with him in Illinois, and with him during all the years that he lived in Washington, says: "Never in all that fourth dimension did he permit fall from his lips or his pen an expression which remotely unsaid the slightest faith in Jesus as the son of God and the Savior of men." [85]
  17. Andrew Johnson – No formal affiliation[86]
    • He accompanied his wife Eliza McCardle Johnson to Methodist services sometimes, belonged to no church building himself, and sometimes attended Cosmic services—remarking favorably that there was no reserved seating.[87]
  18. Ulysses S. Grant – Methodist[xi]
    • Grant was never baptized into any church, though he accompanied his wife Julia Grant to Methodist services. Many sources list his religious affiliation equally Methodist based on a Methodist minister's business relationship of a deathbed conversion. He did go out a notation for his wife in which he hoped to run into her again in a better earth.
    • In his 1875 State of the Spousal relationship address, during conflicts over Catholic parochial schooling, Grant called for a constitutional amendment that would require all states to establish free public schools while "forbidding the teaching in said schools of religious, atheistic, or infidel tenets; and prohibiting the granting of any schoolhouse funds or schoolhouse taxes ... for the benefit ... of whatever religious sect or denomination."[88] The proposed Blaine Amendment to the Constitution followed.
  19. Rutherford B. Hayes – Unspecified Protestant
    • Hayes came from a Presbyterian family, but attended Methodist schools as a youth.[89]
    • Many sources list him as Methodist; in general, notwithstanding, information technology is agreed that he held himself to be a Christian, merely of no specific church building.[90]
    • In his diary entry for May 17, 1890, he states: "Writing a few words for Mohonk Negro Conference, I detect myself using the word Christian. I am not a subscriber to any creed. I belong to no church. But in a sense, satisfactory to myself and believed by me to be of import, I attempt to be a Christian, or rather I want to be a Christian and to help practise Christian piece of work."[91]
    • Hayes' wife, Lucy, was a Methodist, a temperance advocate, and deeply opposed to slavery; he more often than not attended church with her.[90]
  20. James Garfield – Disciples of Christ[92]
    • He was baptized at age xviii.[92]
    • Through his twenties, Garfield preached and held revival meetings, though he was never formally a government minister within the church.[92]
    • Charles J. Guiteau attempted to assassinate Garfield at a sermon.[93]
  21. Chester A. Arthur – Episcopalian[94]
    • His father was a Baptist preacher.[94]
    • Upon his wife's death in 1880, he deputed a memorial window for the due south transept of St. John's, Lafayette Square, visible from the White House and lighted from within at his behest.[95]
  22. Grover Cleveland – Presbyterian[96]
  23. Benjamin Harrison – Presbyterian[97]
    • Harrison became a church elderberry, and taught Sunday schoolhouse.
  24. Grover Cleveland – Presbyterian
  25. William McKinley – Methodist[98]
    • Early on in life, he planned to become a Methodist minister.[99]
    • James Rusling, a McKinley supporter, related a story that McKinley had addressed a church delegation and had stated that ane of the objectives of the Castilian–American State of war was "to brainwash the Filipinos, and uplift and acculturate and Christianize them".[100] Recent historians have judged this account unreliable, especially in light of implausible[ vague ] statements Rusling made well-nigh Lincoln's religion.[101] [102]
    • McKinley is the only president to include exclusively Christian language in his Thanksgiving Twenty-four hours declaration.[103]
  26. Theodore Roosevelt – Dutch Reformed[104]
    • Roosevelt e'er stated that he was Dutch Reformed; however, he attended Episcopal churches where there was no Reformed church building nearby. (His 2nd wife Edith was Episcopalian from birth.)[104] As there was no Dutch Reformed church in Oyster Bay, New York, he attended Christ Church Oyster Bay when in residence there, and it was in that church building that his funeral was held.[104]
    • His mother was Presbyterian and as a child he attended Presbyterian churches with her.[105]
  27. William Howard Taft – Unitarian[106]
    • Before becoming president, Taft was offered the presidency of Yale Academy, at that time affiliated with the Congregationalist Church; Taft turned the post down, saying, "I do non believe in the divinity of Christ."[107]
    • Taft'due south beliefs were the subject area of some controversy, and in 1908 he institute it necessary to abnegate a rumor that he was an atheist.[5]
  28. Woodrow Wilson – Presbyterian[108]
    • Wilson's father was a Presbyterian minister and professor of theology.[108]
    • Prior to existence Governor of New Jersey and President of the U.s., Wilson served as President of Princeton Academy, which was at the fourth dimension affiliated with the Presbyterian Church building.[108]
  29. Warren Thou. Harding – Baptist[109] [110]
  30. Calvin Coolidge – Congregationalist[111] [112]
  31. Herbert Hoover – Quaker[113]
    • Every bit Quakers customarily do not swear oaths, information technology was expected that Hoover would assert the oath of office, and most sources country that he did so.[114] [115] However, a Washington Post commodity dated February 27, 1929, stated that he planned to swear, rather than affirm, the oath.[116]
  32. Franklin D. Roosevelt – Episcopalian[117]
  33. Harry Due south. Truman – Baptist[118]
    • Truman kept his religious beliefs individual and alienated some Baptist leaders by doing then.[119]
  34. Dwight D. Eisenhower – Presbyterian[14]
    • Eisenhower's religious upbringing is the subject of some controversy, due to the conversion of his parents to the Bible Student movement, the forerunner of the Jehovah'southward Witnesses, in the late 1890s. Originally, the family belonged to the River Brethren, a Mennonite sect.[14] According to the Eisenhower Presidential Library, in that location is no evidence that Eisenhower participated in either the Bible Pupil group or the Jehovah's Witnesses, and there are records that show he attended Dominicus school at a River Brethren church.[14]
    • Until he became president, Eisenhower had no formal church building affiliation, a circumstance he attributed to the frequent moves demanded of an Army officeholder. He was baptized, confirmed, and became a communicant in the Presbyterian church in a unmarried ceremony February i, 1953, just 12 days after his start inauguration, the merely president to undergo any of these rites while in office.[14]
    • Eisenhower was instrumental in the addition of the words "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954 (an act highly promoted by the Knights of Columbus), and the 1956 adoption of "In God We Trust" every bit the motto of the US, and its 1957 introduction on newspaper currency. He composed a prayer for his first inauguration, began his Cabinet meetings with silent prayer, and met frequently with a broad range of religious leaders while in office.[fourteen]
    • His presidential library includes an inter-denominational chapel in which he, his married woman Mamie, and his firstborn son (who died in childhood) are buried.
  35. John F. Kennedy – Roman Catholic[120]
    • Kennedy was the first Catholic president. President Biden is the second.
  36. Lyndon B. Johnson – Disciples of Christ[121]
  37. Richard G. Nixon – Quaker[122]
    • Contrary to Quaker custom, Nixon swore the adjuration of office at both of his inaugurations. He as well engaged in military service, contrary to the Quaker doctrine of pacifism.
  38. Gerald R. Ford – Episcopalian[123]
  39. Jimmy Carter – Baptist[124]
    • In 2000, Carter criticized the Southern Baptist Convention, disagreeing over the role of women in society. He connected to teach Lord's day school and serve as a deacon in his local Baptist church.
  40. Ronald Reagan – Presbyterian[125]
    • Reagan's begetter was Catholic,[126] simply Reagan was raised in his female parent'south Disciples of Christ denomination and was baptized there on September 21, 1922.[127] Nancy and Ronald Reagan were married in the Disciples of Christ "Little Brown Church" in Studio City, California on March 4, 1952. Beginning in 1963 Reagan mostly attended Presbyterian church services at Bel Air Presbyterian Church building, Bel-Air, California. During his presidency he rarely attended church services, due to the inconvenience to others in the congregation.[128] He became an official member of Bel Air Presbyterian after leaving the Presidency. Reagan stated that he considered himself a "born-again Christian".[125]
  41. George H. Westward. Bush – Episcopalian[129]
  42. Bill Clinton – Baptist[130]
    • Clinton, during his presidency, attended a Methodist church building in Washington along with his wife Hillary Clinton, who is Methodist from childhood.[131]
  43. George W. Bush – Methodist[132]
    • Bush-league was raised in the Episcopal Church but converted to Methodism upon his marriage in 1977.[132]
  44. Barack Obama – Unspecified Protestant[30]
    • Obama's resignation from Trinity United Church of Christ in the course of the Jeremiah Wright controversy concluded more than than twenty years of affiliation with the United Church of Christ.[133] As President he attended several different Christian churches.[134] For the virtually role, he has attended Methodist churches. In his childhood Obama sometimes attended Sunday schoolhouse at the First Unitarian Church of Honolulu.[135]
  45. Donald Trump – Unspecified Protestant[31]
    • Trump said in 2022 that he attends Reformed Marble Collegiate Church building in Manhattan, where he married his first wife Ivana in 1977, although the church building says that he is non an "active member".[136] He is also loosely affiliated with Lakeside Presbyterian Church in West Palm Beach, Florida, most his Mar-a-Lago estate.[137] Trump has also had a long clan with Paula White, an evangelical government minister whom he has called his "personal pastor."[138] White delivered the invocation prayer at Trump's 2022 inauguration and joined the White House staff in 2022 to work on religious outreach issues.[139] In October 2022 Trump declared that he no longer identified as Presbyterian and was now "not-denominational."[31]
  46. Joe Biden - Roman Catholic[140]

Affiliation totals [edit]

Religion # Branch # Further branch # Denomination #
Christian 42 Protestant 36 Anglican 11 Episcopalian 11
Reformed x Presbyterian seven
Dutch Reformed 2
Congregationalist 1
Baptist 4 Northern two
Southern 2
Methodist iv
Restorationist ii Disciples of Christ 1
Churches of Christ 1
Quaker 2
Unspecified 3
Nontrinitarian 4 Unitarian four
Catholic 2 Latin Catholic 2
None specified 3[a]
Total individuals [141] 45[b]
  1. ^ Jefferson, Lincoln, and Andrew Johnson.[141]
  2. ^ Because Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd and 24th president and only counted once, the full is "off by one".

Meet also [edit]

  • List of prime number ministers of Canada past religious affiliation
  • Religious affiliation in the U.s. Senate
  • Religious affiliations of chancellors of Germany
  • Religious affiliations of prime ministers of kingdom of the netherlands
  • Religious affiliations of vice presidents of the United states

References [edit]

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Further reading [edit]

  • Steiner, Franklin, The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents: From Washington to F.D.R., Prometheus Books/The Freethought Library, July 1995. ISBN 0-87975-975-v
  • David L. Holmes, The Faiths of the Founding Fathers, Oxford University Press, May 2006. ISBN 0-19-530092-0
  • "God in the White House: From Washington to Obama", The American Experience / Frontline, PBS, October 11, 2010

External links [edit]

  • Adherents.com's listing
  • Abraham Lincoln was a Deist
  • Six Celebrated Americans by John Remsburg, 1906, examines religious views of Paine, Jefferson, Washington, Franklin, Lincoln, and Grant
  • U.S. Library of Congress site: James Hutson article, James Madison and the Social Utility of Religion
  • Shapell Manuscript Foundation: "We Have a Cosmic for President" U.South. Presidents' Personal Correspondence and Historical Documents
  • George Washington as Deist

lyonsbeetting1968.blogspot.com

Source: https://wikizero.com/en/Religious_affiliations_of_presidents_of_the_United_States

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